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Apologetic apostrophe
The 'apologetic'〔Graham W. (1977) The Scots Word Book, The Ramsay Head Press, Edinburgh, p.11〕 or parochial apostrophe〔Purves D. (1997) A Scots Grammar, The Saltire Society, p. 111〕 is the distinctive use of apostrophes in Modern Scots orthography.〔(Eagle A. (2008) Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster )〕 Apologetic apostrophes generally occurred where a consonant exists in the Standard English cognate, as in ''a''' (all), ''gi'e'' (give) and ''wi''' (with).
The practice, unknown in Older Scots, was introduced in the 18th century〔Rennie, S. (2001) "The Electronic Scottish National Dictionary (eSND): Work in Progress", Literary and Linguistic Computing 2001 16(2), Oxford University Press, pp. 159〕 by writers such as Allan Ramsay,〔Murison d. (1977) The Guid Scots Tongue, Blackwell, Edinburgh, p.31〕 Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns as part of a process of Anglicisation. The 18th century practice was also adopted by later writers such as Sir Walter Scott, John Galt and Robert Louis Stevenson. It produced an easily understood spurious Scots that was very popular with English readers and on the English stage. It was also sometimes forced on reluctant authors by publishers desirous of a wider circulation for their books.〔Scottish National Dictionary, Introduction §18.1 p. xiv Vol. 1〕
The custom "also had the unfortunate effect of suggesting that Broad Scots was not a separate language system, but rather a divergent or inferior form of English".〔Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. pp. 12-13〕 The use of the apologetic apostrophe became less widespread〔 after the appearance of the 'Style Sheet'〔(The Scots Style Sheet )〕 in 1947 and is now considered unacceptable,〔(Taylor S. (2009) Ordnance Survey: Introduction to Scots origins of place names in Britain )〕 the apostrophe-less forms such as ''aw'' (all), ''gie'' (give) and ''wi'' (with) being preferable.
== L-vocalisation ==
Early Scots had undergone a process of L-vocalisation, where /l/ was preceded by the vowels and in closed syllables, which was completed by the end of the 14th century.〔A History of Scots to 1700, p.xc〕 The cluster vocalised to and to hence spellings such as ''a''' (all), ''ba''' (ball), ''ca''' (call), ''sa't'' (salt) and ''ha'd'' (hold),〔Scottish National Dictionary, p.xxi, Entry: A〕 and ''fu''' and ''pu''' with the doublets ''full'' and ''pull'' .〔Scottish National Dictionary, p.xxiii-xxiv〕 The standard〔Scottish National Dictionary, Entry: U, Entry: W〕 literary apostrophe-less spellings for (also ) were and 〔Scottish National Dictionary, Entry: A〕 with generally occurring word initially or medially, and occurring word final.〔Scottish National Dictionary, p. xix〕 Thus ''aw'' (all), ''baw'' (ball), ''caw'' (call), ''saut'' (salt) and ''haud'' (hold). The standard literary spelling of was , generally preferred in the Scottish national Dictionary,〔Scottish National Dictionary, p. xiv, Entry: O〕 although the use of , borrowed from Standard English, became popular by the 19th century.〔Scottish National Dictionary, Entry: O〕 Thus ''fou'' and ''pou'' but the form ''fu'' functioning as the cognate of the suffix 'ful'. L also vocalised after in closed syllables〔 resulting in a diphthong which became in Modern Scots, for example ''knowe'' (knoll), ''fowk'' (folk), ''gowf'' (golf) and ''gowd'' (gold).〔Scottish National Dictionary, p.xxi, xxiii-xxiv〕
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